Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Biomaterials: Synthesis, Modification and Applications
نویسندگان
چکیده
Social and economic development has driven considerable scientific and engineering efforts on the discovery, development, and utilization of polymers. Widespread reliance in everyday life on conventional polymeric materials such as polyolefins has resulted in serious pollution which cannot be resolved in a straightforward fashion. Sustainable development and a green economy both require brand new materials which can avoid the occurrence of these problems. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), an aliphatic polyester, has outstanding advantages over other polymers, and may thus be part of the solution. As early as the 1970’s, PLA products have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for direct contact with biological fluids. Four of its most attractive advantages are renewability, biocompatibility, processability, and energy saving (Rasal, 2010). First of all, PLA is derived from renewable and degradable resources such as corn and rice, which can help alleviate the energy crisis as well as reduce the dependence on fossil fuels of our society; PLA and its degradation products, namely H2O and CO2, are neither toxic nor carcinogenic to the human body, hence making it an excellent material for biomedical applications including sutures, clips, and drug delivery systems (DDS). Furthermore, PLA can be processed by film casting, extrusion, blow molding, and fiber spinning due to its greater thermal processability in comparison to other biomaterials such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs), and poly(┝-caprolactone) (PCL) (Rhim et al., 2006). These thermal properties contribute to the application of PLA in industry in fields such as textiles and food packaging. Last but not least, PLA production consumes 25-55% less fossil energy than petroleum-based polymers. Cargill Dow has even targeted a reduction in fossil energy consumption by more than 90% as compared to any of the petroleum-based polymers for the near future, which will surely also lead to significant reductions in air and water pollutant emissions. It is also noteworthy that the total amount of water required for PLA production is competitive with the best performing petroleum-based polymers. This energy-saving feature perfectly caters to the
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